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However, this data set does not provide surface data directly as we do in this paper.ģD data sets can be constructed via three main methodologies: volumetric scanning, active scanning (such as laser or sonar), or passive / image-based reconstruction.

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The existing “SpineWeb” 3 platform provides several medical Computed Tomography (CT) scans and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the human spine with reference manual segmentation which is subject to error ( André, Dansereau and Labelle, H, 1994). Most available data sets are commercial, 1 2 of dubious origin and accuracy, or contain data from a single individual this means that existing datasets are not easily accessed, are not readily able to be utilised, and may not be valid. Despite the prevalence of spinal pathologies there is a lack of freely available three-dimensional (3D) datasets of individual vertebrae of the human spine, and in particular of the lumbar spine. Such models are particularly important for health science research into common conditions such as lumbar spine pathologies, which have a lifetime prevalence of 60–70% in industrialised countries ( Kaplan, et al., 2013) and impart a huge social and financial burden on society ( Mounce, 2002).

The use of 3D models in medical science is useful for achieving accurate diagnoses, creating biomechanical models, developing educational resources, or assisting in improving intervention efficacy. The accuracy of the method indicates that the generated models could be useful for biomechanical modelling or 3D visualisation of the spine.ģD modelling of real objects has applications such as visualisation, measurement or statistical analysis of populations. Results show a mean relative error of 5.2% between image-based models and real vertebrae, a mean relative error of 4.7% between image-based and arm scanning models and 95% of vertices’ errors are less than 3.5 millimetres with a median of 1.1 millimetres. The reconstruction method was validated using a laser-based arm scanner and measurements derived from real vertebrae using electronic callipers. Models from 86 lumbar vertebrae were constructed using an inexpensive method involving image capture by digital camera and reconstruction of 3D models via an image-based technique. We therefore created a 3D surface data set for lumbar vertebrae from human vertebrae. Low back pain is prevalent in society yet few validated 3D models of the lumbar spine exist to facilitate assessment. 3D modelling can be used for a variety of purposes, including biomedical modelling for orthopaedic or anatomical applications.

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